Objective: To present and analyze studies that sought to describe how self-injurious behavior (SIB) is functionally related to environment changes. This description has been called functional analysis and makes it possible, by means of experimental strategies, to determine which environmental changes are relevant to the maintenance of SIB. Method: Forty-six empirical articles published between 1991 and 2010 were found in the review based on studies indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index and Arts & Humanities Citation Index databases. We analyzed, in more detail, 25 applied articles that have used empirical methods of functional analysis and treatments for SIB. Results: The literature reviewed shows that the SIB may depend on presentation of attention, avoidance (or escape) of demands, or do not depend on any external source of stimulation. These results shed new light on the basic behavioral principles that can contribute to the maintenance of SIB: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or automatic reinforcement. Discussion: It is pointed out the necessity of functional analysis of SIB to base treatments that reduce this behavior. Finally, we argue that behavioral interventions can be put into health programs