Objective To analyze the status of self-management of elderly patients with chronic heart failure and their psychological resilience, music quotient and adversity quotient, and put forward the hypothesis, and analyze the path between music quotient and adversity quotient in the self-management and psychological resilience of elderly patients with chronic heart failure.Methods A total of 327 elderly patients with chronic heart failure who were hospitalized in the Fourth Hospital of Wuhan from June 2019 to June 2021 were selected by convenience sampling. The adversity quotient, self-management level, psychological elasticity, and happiness quotient were investigated using general information questionnaire, adversity consultation table, happiness quotient questionnaire, psychological elasticity questionnaire (Chinese version of CD-RISC), and self-management behavior scale for patients with chronic diseases.Results The scores of happiness quotient, adversity quotient, resilience and self-management behavior of the elderly patients with chronic heart failure were (54.72 7.58), (113.32 17.29), (33.13 5.02) and (51.77 6.16), respectively. Music quotient and adversity quotient played an intermediary role in the self-management and psychological resilience of elderly patients with chronic heart failure (P < 0.05), and the intermediary effects were both 0.21, accounting for 24.14% of the total effect. The continuous paths between the two played a chain intermediary effect (P < 0.05), and the intermediary effect was 0.07, accounting for 8.05% of the total effect.Conclusion The levels of happiness quotient, adversity quotient, self-management behavior, and psychological elasticity of the elderly patients with chronic heart failure were medium. Adversity quotient and happiness quotient have a positive prediction effect on self-management, and there is a chain intermediary effect and intermediary effect between self-management and psychological elasticity.