A complicated mental illness called schizophrenia is characterized by changes in brain structure and cognitive deficiencies. The study on the effects of exercise on cognitive performance and brain structure in schizophrenia patients is summarized in this study. Schizophrenia patients frequently have cognitive problems that interfere with their daily activities. Recent research has demonstrated that exercise can significantly enhance cognitive performance in this population. Particularly aerobic exercise has been shown to improve executive function, processing speed, attention, memory, and recall. Exercise affects the anatomy of the brain in addition to its cognitive effects. It promotes neuroplasticity and supports the upkeep and development of neurons. This can aid in brain circuit regeneration, perhaps reducing the structural anomalies frequently seen in schizophrenia. Exercise also has the added benefit of reducing stress, which is important for people with schizophrenia who commonly experience high levels of stress. Additionally, it can help with sleep issues, which further improves cognitive performance. In conclusion, exercise is a viable supplemental treatment for people with schizophrenia. It not only improves cognitive performance but also positively affects brain structure. For those with schizophrenia, incorporating exercise into treatment regimens can enhance overall functioning and quality of life.