Objective: To explore the influence of ultrasound-guided percutaneous balloon dilation on arteriovenous fistula stenosis in hemodialysis patients. Methods: A total of 62 hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula stenosis admitted to our hospital from February 2019 to February 2021 were selected as research objects and divided into control group and research group according to random number table method, with 31 cases in each group. The control group was treated with catheterization and thrombolytic therapy, while the research group was treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous balloon dilation. The clinical efficacy, perioperative parameters and postoperative complication rate were observed and compared. Results: The success rate of operation and clinical success rate of research group were 96.77% and 93.55%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of control group 83.87% and 70.97% (P<0.05). After operation, the internal diameter of fistula stenosis, brachial artery blood flow and hemodialysis blood flow in both groups were increased compared with that before operation, and the internal diameter of fistula stenosis, brachial artery blood flow and hemodialysis blood flow in the research group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). During the follow-up period, the incidence of postoperative complications in the research group was 22.58%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (9.68%) (P<0.05). Conclusion: After ultrasound-guided percutaneous balloon dilation intervention for arteriovenous fistula stenosis in hemodialysis patients, the stenosis part of arteriovenous fistula was reduced, the internal diameter of the stenosis was increased, and arterial blood flow was increased, achieving good therapeutic effect and prognostic effect.