Obesity and metabolic syndrome have become a worldwide epidemic. There is enough data from growing research to support the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in treating obesity and a variety of metabolic illnesses, but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. By means of bioinformatics, this study not only provides insight into how bariatric surgery affects adipose tissue-infiltrating immune cells but also identifies useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of obesity. The findings of this study indicate that LCP1, PLAC9, NAALAD2, CHST15, and CD48 may function as diagnostic markers for obesity and prognostic markers for bariatric surgery and may also be associated with the onset and progression of diseases linked to obesity. These findings may also aid in the identification of potential therapeutic targets for ameliorating adipocyte inflammation.